.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/anvil_nowcast.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code. .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_anvil_nowcast.py: ANVIL nowcast ============= This example demonstrates how to use ANVIL and the advantages compared to extrapolation nowcast and S-PROG. Load the libraries. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 12-24 .. code-block:: Python from datetime import datetime, timedelta import warnings warnings.simplefilter("ignore") import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from pysteps import motion, io, rcparams, utils from pysteps.nowcasts import anvil, extrapolation, sprog from pysteps.utils import transformation from pysteps.visualization import plot_precip_field .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 25-31 Read the input data ------------------- ANVIL was originally developed to use vertically integrated liquid (VIL) as the input data, but the model allows using any two-dimensional input fields. Here we use a composite of rain rates. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 31-58 .. code-block:: Python date = datetime.strptime("201505151620", "%Y%m%d%H%M") # Read the data source information from rcparams data_source = rcparams.data_sources["mch"] root_path = data_source["root_path"] path_fmt = data_source["path_fmt"] fn_pattern = data_source["fn_pattern"] fn_ext = data_source["fn_ext"] importer_name = data_source["importer"] importer_kwargs = data_source["importer_kwargs"] # Find the input files in the archive. Use history length of 5 timesteps filenames = io.archive.find_by_date( date, root_path, path_fmt, fn_pattern, fn_ext, timestep=5, num_prev_files=5 ) # Read the input time series importer = io.get_method(importer_name, "importer") rainrate_field, quality, metadata = io.read_timeseries( filenames, importer, **importer_kwargs ) # Convert to rain rate (mm/h) rainrate_field, metadata = utils.to_rainrate(rainrate_field, metadata) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 59-64 Compute the advection field --------------------------- Apply the Lucas-Kanade method with the parameters given in Pulkkinen et al. (2020) to compute the advection field. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 64-87 .. code-block:: Python fd_kwargs = {} fd_kwargs["max_corners"] = 1000 fd_kwargs["quality_level"] = 0.01 fd_kwargs["min_distance"] = 2 fd_kwargs["block_size"] = 8 lk_kwargs = {} lk_kwargs["winsize"] = (15, 15) oflow_kwargs = {} oflow_kwargs["fd_kwargs"] = fd_kwargs oflow_kwargs["lk_kwargs"] = lk_kwargs oflow_kwargs["decl_scale"] = 10 oflow = motion.get_method("lucaskanade") # transform the input data to logarithmic scale rainrate_field_log, _ = utils.transformation.dB_transform( rainrate_field, metadata=metadata ) velocity = oflow(rainrate_field_log, **oflow_kwargs) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 88-90 Compute the nowcasts and threshold rain rates below 0.5 mm/h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 90-115 .. code-block:: Python forecast_extrap = extrapolation.forecast( rainrate_field[-1], velocity, 3, extrap_kwargs={"allow_nonfinite_values": True} ) forecast_extrap[forecast_extrap < 0.5] = 0.0 # log-transform the data and the threshold value to dBR units for S-PROG rainrate_field_db, _ = transformation.dB_transform( rainrate_field, metadata, threshold=0.1, zerovalue=-15.0 ) rainrate_thr, _ = transformation.dB_transform( np.array([0.5]), metadata, threshold=0.1, zerovalue=-15.0 ) forecast_sprog = sprog.forecast( rainrate_field_db[-3:], velocity, 3, n_cascade_levels=6, precip_thr=rainrate_thr[0] ) forecast_sprog, _ = transformation.dB_transform( forecast_sprog, threshold=-10.0, inverse=True ) forecast_sprog[forecast_sprog < 0.5] = 0.0 forecast_anvil = anvil.forecast( rainrate_field[-4:], velocity, 3, ar_window_radius=25, ar_order=2 ) forecast_anvil[forecast_anvil < 0.5] = 0.0 .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none Computing S-PROG nowcast ------------------------ Inputs ------ input dimensions: 640x710 Methods ------- extrapolation: semilagrangian bandpass filter: gaussian decomposition: fft conditional statistics: no probability matching: cdf FFT method: numpy domain: spatial Parameters ---------- number of time steps: 3 parallel threads: 1 number of cascade levels: 6 order of the AR(p) model: 2 precip. intensity threshold: -3.010299956639812 Rain fraction is: 0.10575337441314554, while minimum fraction is 0.0 ************************************************ * Correlation coefficients for cascade levels: * ************************************************ ----------------------------------------- | Level | Lag-1 | Lag-2 | ----------------------------------------- | 1 | 0.998459 | 0.994516 | ----------------------------------------- | 2 | 0.993812 | 0.977027 | ----------------------------------------- | 3 | 0.975581 | 0.922872 | ----------------------------------------- | 4 | 0.881868 | 0.728303 | ----------------------------------------- | 5 | 0.558877 | 0.326952 | ----------------------------------------- | 6 | 0.096787 | 0.037815 | ----------------------------------------- **************************************** * AR(p) parameters for cascade levels: * **************************************** ------------------------------------------------------ | Level | Phi-1 | Phi-2 | Phi-0 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 1 | 1.778482 | -0.781226 | 0.034639 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 2 | 1.788920 | -0.800059 | 0.066636 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 3 | 1.559752 | -0.598792 | 0.175910 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 4 | 1.077781 | -0.222157 | 0.459714 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 5 | 0.547004 | 0.021245 | 0.829064 | ------------------------------------------------------ | 6 | 0.094008 | 0.028716 | 0.994895 | ------------------------------------------------------ Starting nowcast computation. Computing nowcast for time step 1... done. Computing nowcast for time step 2... done. Computing nowcast for time step 3... done. Computing ANVIL nowcast ----------------------- Inputs ------ input dimensions: 640x710 Methods ------- extrapolation: semilagrangian FFT: numpy Parameters ---------- number of time steps: 3 parallel threads: 1 number of cascade levels: 6 order of the ARI(p,1) model: 2 ARI(p,1) window radius: 25 R(VIL) window radius: 3 Starting nowcast computation. Computing nowcast for time step 1... done. Computing nowcast for time step 2... done. Computing nowcast for time step 3... done. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 116-118 Read the reference observation field and threshold rain rates below 0.5 mm/h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 118-128 .. code-block:: Python filenames = io.archive.find_by_date( date, root_path, path_fmt, fn_pattern, fn_ext, timestep=5, num_next_files=3 ) refobs_field, _, metadata = io.read_timeseries(filenames, importer, **importer_kwargs) refobs_field, metadata = utils.to_rainrate(refobs_field[-1], metadata) refobs_field[refobs_field < 0.5] = 0.0 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 129-134 Plot the extrapolation, S-PROG and ANVIL nowcasts. -------------------------------------------------- For comparison, the observed rain rate fields are also plotted. Growth and decay areas are marked with red and blue circles, respectively. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 134-207 .. code-block:: Python def plot_growth_decay_circles(ax): circle = plt.Circle( (360, 300), 25, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (420, 350), 30, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (405, 380), 30, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (420, 500), 25, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (480, 535), 30, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (330, 470), 35, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (505, 205), 30, color="b", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (440, 180), 30, color="r", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (590, 240), 30, color="r", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) circle = plt.Circle( (585, 160), 15, color="r", clip_on=False, fill=False, zorder=1e9 ) ax.add_artist(circle) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 13)) ax = fig.add_subplot(321) rainrate_field[-1][rainrate_field[-1] < 0.5] = 0.0 plot_precip_field(rainrate_field[-1]) plot_growth_decay_circles(ax) ax.set_title("Obs. %s" % str(date)) ax = fig.add_subplot(322) plot_precip_field(refobs_field) plot_growth_decay_circles(ax) ax.set_title("Obs. %s" % str(date + timedelta(minutes=15))) ax = fig.add_subplot(323) plot_precip_field(forecast_extrap[-1]) plot_growth_decay_circles(ax) ax.set_title("Extrapolation +15 minutes") ax = fig.add_subplot(324) plot_precip_field(forecast_sprog[-1]) plot_growth_decay_circles(ax) ax.set_title("S-PROG (with post-processing)\n +15 minutes") ax = fig.add_subplot(325) plot_precip_field(forecast_anvil[-1]) plot_growth_decay_circles(ax) ax.set_title("ANVIL +15 minutes") plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/images/sphx_glr_anvil_nowcast_001.png :alt: Obs. 2015-05-15 16:20:00, Obs. 2015-05-15 16:35:00, Extrapolation +15 minutes, S-PROG (with post-processing) +15 minutes, ANVIL +15 minutes :srcset: /auto_examples/images/sphx_glr_anvil_nowcast_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 208-218 Remarks ------- The extrapolation nowcast is static, i.e. it does not predict any growth or decay. While S-PROG is to some extent able to predict growth and decay, this this comes with loss of small-scale features. In addition, statistical post-processing needs to be applied to correct the bias and incorrect wet-area ratio introduced by the autoregressive process. ANVIL is able to do both: predict growth and decay and preserve the small-scale structure in a way that post-processing is not necessary. .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 7.178 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_anvil_nowcast.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: anvil_nowcast.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: anvil_nowcast.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip :download:`Download zipped: anvil_nowcast.zip ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_